How Metal Oxides Create the Shine in Enamel Pottery

The Chemistry of Colors

Enamel decoration on pottery is not just a visual art—it’s a scientific process involving the interplay of chemistry, temperature, and craftsmanship. The vibrant shine and lasting colors seen in glazed pottery are made possible by carefully selected metal oxides that react under high heat to form rich, luminous glazes.

Here are some common oxides used in traditional Persian enamel pottery:

• Cobalt oxide produces deep blues.
• Copper oxide brings vibrant greens.
• Tin oxide adds white or opaque finishes.
• Iron oxide gives shades from brown to reddish tones.

During firing at 700–900°C, these materials fuse with the glaze and ceramic body, creating chemical bonds that result in brilliant, long-lasting colors. The precision in mixing and applying these oxides defines the quality of the final piece.

Modern artisans, particularly in Lalejin, Iran’s pottery capital, are combining traditional techniques with innovations like nano-additives and refined firing methods. These help to enhance durability and brightness while preserving the authenticity of the ancient craft.

Ultimately, the magic of Persian enamel pottery lies in this unique fusion of science and art, where chemistry meets creativity.